The Reinstatement of US secondary sanctions on May 8, 2018 has led to a new legal environment with regards to the commercial activities and investment in Iran’ s oil and gas sector. The economic sanctions targets non-US companies and individuals and affects all the players related to the Iranian market on an extra-territorial basis. This article looks to study the opportunities and threats Iran’ s economy and oil and gas sectors are facing through comparing the economic sanctions imposed during 2010-2013 with the reinstatement of US secondary sanctions against Iran on May 8, 2018. It further provides policy advising on how to prevent and mitigate the negative impact of these reinstated secondary sanctions.

From the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, as the political and economic relations of different countries developed, the need for societies became more and more intertwined, so that today no country can be found without need of other countries, the theory of the international community and the United Nations. Member States' representatives facilitated relations between countries by adopting international laws and regulations, If one country goes against any other aggression, the organization and its subsidiaries will take action against the offshore state, one of which is deterrence, which is political, economic and even war, except for the United Nations. No country has the right to impose or impose sanctions or war on other countries. Looking at history at various ages and under various pretexts of US government imposing political and economic sanctions, even war (war on Iraq, war on Afghanistan, etc. ) has sought to bring down weak countries. What organization or individual or legal entity has allowed the US government to take such inhumane acts? I create examples of economic sanctions against Iran and their effects, such as not importing drugs, food, selling oil, preventing refueling of air flights, (clearly violating relevant international conventions), monetary and banking exchanges, and so on. . It should be noted that these sanctions under the pretext of putting pressure on governments, Badr has no other effect on the economy of the country and creating inflation and inaccessibility of people on daily needs and medicines for patients and these sanctions have no rational justification. Badger is a violation of the right of citizens to live in violation of human rights. Instead of cooperating with the US government, the international community will unanimously stand for peace and tranquility if it stands against such actions and power.

The United States is a world leader in economic sanctions. Since 2005, with the application of "financial sanctions" we have witnessed a "paradigm shift" in sanctions policy. This article seeks to answer the question: "What are the foundations of US financial sanctions? " The hypothesis of the article is that financial sanctions are based on two main pillars in which the United States has made it possible to exclusively use financial sanctions for its foreign policy: First, to create a legal regime to combat money laundering and its globalization, and secondly, the centrality of the dollar in the global financial system. The second question of the article is "What is the place of financial sanctions in US foreign policy? " The author argues that US policymakers' understanding of the effectiveness of financial sanctions has led to the promotion of this tool among foreign policy instruments and the transformation of the Treasury from a marginalized institution to a central one in guiding US foreign and security policy.

Introduction: China and Iran share a close yet complex relationship. Following the U.S. withdrawal from JCPOA and the expansion of U.S. sanctions against Iran, China has become Iran's primary trade partner. Beijing has allocated significant investments in sectors such as mines, oil and gas, and the development of communication infrastructure, including roads and subways in Iran. However, what has become apparent in the increasing interactions between Iran and China in recent years is the impact of U.S. economic sanctions on their relationship, particularly after Trump took office.Research Question: what effect US sanctions have had on bilateral trade and financial cooperation between Iran and China?Research Hypothesis: The answer is that US oil and financial sanctions on Iran have led to an increase in Iran's foreign trade, especially in the field of energy with China, and vice versa. US trade sanctions on China have led to a decrease in investment and foreign trade. It has been done with Iran.Methodology: The method of collecting information and data in this research library -documentary and the research method is based on descriptive-analytical.Results: The findings of the research indicate that the Iran and China, with a realist approach, have sought to create a power balance, albeit an unequal one, by increasing their relative economic achievements against the U.S.through the development of their bilateral economic interactions. Iran has utilized China as a trump card in the international system to circumvent sanctions and enhance its economic achievements in the international trade system. China's presence in the U.N Security Council and its support for Iran's membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS have been the most significant aspects of Iran's efforts to circumvent U.S. sanctions. On the other hand, China will also leverage Iran as a trump card in its economic interactions, particularly in its strategy in the Middle East. The Chinese government has adopted a cautious policy in response to U.S. sanctions against Iran, in such a way that, on one hand, it has followed U.S. sanctions against Iran and reduced its imported oil from Iran, while on the other hand, it has made significant investments in various industrial sectors of Iran.Conclusion: The explanation of the impact of U.S. sanctions on Iran-China bilateral interactions, utilizing both realism and sanctions diplomacy theories, shows that the anarchic structure of the international system is a determining factor in the behavior of states and their economic objectives, as well as in the global economy. The pressure from U.S. international sanctions against Iran and China, along with the pursuit of relative economic gains from trade between them, has been the main factor in the rapprochement of these two countries. Iran's behavior towards China, as a rising power and emerging phenomenon in the international system, indicates that this country is well capable of understanding the systemic pressures of the system, particularly those imposed by the system's hegemon. Consequently, Iran has sought to circumvent the pressures of U.S. sanctions by developing its interactions with China. The Chinese government, recognizing that the Islamic Republic of Iran is in need of its support, has sought to maintain its trade and financial relations with Iran to achieve other long-term political and economic goals in the region, particularly those geopolitical objectives linked to the Belt and Road Initiative.

Economic sanctions are tools used by countries to exert pressure on other countries and achieve their particular objectives. One of the most important threats of securing einvestment in Iran originates from the imposed sanctionson Iran in recent years that has affected the investment security in the Stock Market influencing at least 60 percent the Iranian community which necessitates codifying and providing strategies to confront the US sanctions on Iran’s Stock Market.Method: This research is of applied and developmental type from objective perspective and has analytical-descriptive nature with a mixed approach of discovery.The expert society includes economic security specialists with atleast ten years of experience and responsibility in the fields of economy and stock market and expert samples were selected purposefully to the hypothetical saturation level. In order to analyze the collected data, we usedSWAT Matrix and ranking average to categorize and prioterize the strategis.Findings: The most important strategies include: developing regulatory inteferrence instead of price inteferrence in order to increase the efficiency of the market and investment security, using Iran’s geographical expanse to develop trade and uphival of investment in less industial provinces, develoiping investment in small companies with the aim of mitigating thesanctions for these companies and so on.Key words: strategy, stock market, US sanctions

Background: sanctions have always been an obstacle for development, even in health and medical topics, since they aim to reduce a country’, s financial and economic power, and their impacts on medical and health systems in the objected country are inevitable. In this report, we are going to show the effect of sanctions on orthopedic surgeries in Iran. Methods: In this study, we surveyed the opinion of 32 orthopedic surgeons about the effect of sanctions on orthopedic procedures. We evaluated surgeries routinely done in our referral centers in terms of the need for equipment and facilities. Results: In upper limb surgeries, the high cost of equipment has more frequency between answers although, in lower limb surgeries, the changing method due to lack of facilities with worse results than the standard method has more frequency between answers. Both results indicate that sanctions made the feasibility of orthopedic surgeries more difficult. Conclusion: We believe that several actions are needed to take place in the current situation by the international organizations to stop this unreasonable and illogical sanction, to prevent its devastating results.

The purpose of this article is to identify US media tactics in order to counteract with it and mitigate the impact of sanctions on Iran. In this regard, the question raised was, what kinds of media tactics does the United States use to enhance the effectiveness of sanctions on citizens and officials of the Islamic Republic? The findings of the study led us to tactics such as gossip, mental imagery, morale degradation, exaggeration, and so on. The paper concludes that the Western media has, in some cases, made a serious impact on the minds of Iranian audiences and created problems for the government in the economic and sometimes political spheres. Descriptive-analytical method was used for conducting the study.

After Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) between Iran and 5+1 group countries, a relative space was opened to supply radiotherapy equipment in the country...

Since the end of World War II, global developments have driven the world to expand collaborations. In addition to providing various solutions to peace, the Charter of the United Nations has made an extensive reference to the “human rights” and transformed this term into a discourse, the global compliance with which can be considered an important factor in the public acceptance of a country. This term has gained so much importance that all international mechanisms should be developed accordingly. In this regard, specific frameworks have been defined for sanctions in the UN laws, and the Charter of the United Nations will explicitly revoke the sanctions that violate the human rights. Conversely, the US has deprived Iran of both political and economic relations and obstructed its right to purchase drugs and medical equipment by imposing unilateral sanctions against this country. This paper aims to analyze the effects of the US sanctions on the violation of Iranian people’s right to health. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical approach is employed to determine what impacts the US sanctions have had on Iranian people’s health in pharmaceutical and medical areas. Although drugs and medical equipment are officially considered humanitarian items and should not be sanctioned, the research findings indicate that the US has imposed unilateral sanctions on these items. Hence, it has violated the international laws and human rights, thereby adversely affecting Iranian people’s right to health.